مجله اقتصاد منابع طبیعی
پیاپی 7 (تابستان 1394)

In recent decades, environmental risks and hazards are more visible. These damages caused by a combination of factors such as population growth, economic growth, energy, and industrial activities. This study discusses long-run equilibrium relationship, short-term dynamic relationships and causal relationships between energy consumption, economic growth and the environment (carbon dioxide emissions) in Iran, by using time series data during 1971-2009, through Co integration test. Co integration test demonstrates that a long-run relationship exists among the three variables. It is obvious that carbon dioxide emissions will be increased by positive shock of energy consumption and economic growth, by a one percent increase in energy consumption and economic growth, carbon dioxide emissions will increase 55 and 43 percent respectively. The result of this study is important because of reducing carbon dioxide emissions from energy use and economic development matters. In other words, to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, the government should reduce the amount of Petroleum products in energy consumption, and it also improves the efficiency of using energy.

Mangrove forest is one of the most important ecosystems on earth providing many benefits to local residents such as protecting fish and shrimp catching, timber and non-timber products and coastal protection. Recreation is another important activity in the mangrove ecosystem. In Iran Protected National Park of Naybank Bay is a valuable place for mangrove forest and has important role in local economy of Boushehr Province. The aime of this paper is to calculate recreational benefits of the mangrove ecosystem in this area. A total of 95 tourists and resident were interviewed using the contingent valuation method (CVM). The mean willingness to pay (WTP) per person was $0.7 per visit. As a whole the recreational value for mangrove forest in Nayband Bay is estimated at least $103 million annually.

Present study has paid economic assessment of fish stocks and the fishing industry in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea coast.Using the variables of time and effort As independent variables and the amount of catch per unit effort as the dependent variable, the estimated production function.The level of fishing effort and maximum sustainable yield and maximum economic yield was calculated using of Shepherd and Fox models.The results indicate The Persian Gulf was to effort capture fish too. so with a 31 percent reduction in fishing effort can reduce the cost of fishing And increased revenues and profits.

The aim of study is to estimate the recreational value Tag-Bostan forest park using conditional valuation method. To achieve this goal and estimates of Willingness to pay, the logit model, based on maximum likelihood is used. Data were collected through questionnaires and interview with 384 visitors of the park. Results indicated that parameters like occupation, family dimension, suggested price, distance, education level and the other one as income have significant effect on payment of individual tendency around 95 percent and 90 percent, respectively. Finally, the average of individual tendency for payment and annual tourism value of tagh_e_bostan park estimated about 10.000 Rials and 7.035.240.100 Rials, respectively.

growth of Economic is associated with the increased use of electrical energy in societies. Electric power production in form of traditional is associated with problems and defects, so electricity market has been changed from traditional form to Restructuring form. One of the problems of electricity production in traditional form is pollution concentration around the plant and also the loss of Energy in transmission and distribution of power from power plants to consumption places.
Department of Energy has declared that loss of energy in section of transmission and distribution in 1392 has been 20 percent. Therefore electricity production has turned from general form to dispersed form in the consumption place.
The aim of this study is compare the cost of production across general power plant and dispersed power plant. In order to compare the production cost in these tow power plants is used the function of social cost that is the sum of private cost function and external cost function. To estimate of cost function is used from economic software Eviews.
At the end, after survey the cost production in the power plant of Isfahan Shahid montazeri as an example of general power plant and power plant of Isfshsn foulad mobareke as an example of dispersed power plant, The results showed that production in form of dispersed in compare with general form is preferred.

Energy as an important factor of production and also as a final good, has a special importance in economic development. Therefore in view of the wide geographic locations of the energy resources in Iran, and also the negative effects of the energy consumption on air pollution, the energy consumption planning has had a prime importance and should be done accurately. The main aim of this study is to investigate the effects of energy consumption and environmental degradation on the green GNP, using VAR model, causality Granger test, Johansen- Juselius co-integration test and correlation error model. The causality Granger test shows that a one-way causality exists between the green production to energy consumption in a short- run. This also shows that there is a two-way relationship exists between green production and CO2 emanation and the energy consumption has a long-run positive effect on green production, as energy consumption has caused the increase in GDP. As a result green production is increased. The effect of environmental degradation on green product was negative in a long run too. This can be said that greenhouse gases and environmental degradation has caused the natural resources depreciation that in turn is causing a decrease in the green production.